| Aug 13 | Archive for the 'Corruption' CategoryPolitical party funding controlThe World Bank's 1999 survey confirms that a lot of funding is crucial for large, economically successful business or individual rich private individuals. Certain representatives of the public acquire a significant impact on political and other decision-making in the country. Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau in the period from 2003 1.februāra until 31 December 2003 in the checks carried out on the political organization's financial and economic legitimacy and fairness, it was found that: -- Ls 117 900 have donated funds, using a third-party mediation; -- Ls 177 750 per year is the donations from companies with a fictitious company's signs; -- Ls 36 867 per year is the donations, which are contrary to the requirements of the law received lots of cash Treasuries; -- Ls 2 359 donation allowed by law overruns; -- Ls 1 109 donations, which were not declared. It relies on donors lot nepārbaudāmiem savings. The State Revenue Service sent 100 requests for individuals donor income of law and truth-examination, 79 cases (of the total donation amount is LVL 526 775) has recognized that the person's income is in that person ineligible for donations, and the audit. |
| Aug 08 | Archive for the 'Corruption' CategoryLemberga "scholars"Criminal materials show that the payments had already from the beginning of the nineties. There is also evidence of a possible benefit from the privatization of shipping Politicians only listen. Their task was to explain publicly that they are decisions that will be accepted, it is legitimate that everything is going smoothly, reasonably and correctly. They also paid for them. The necessary documents dealing others. So bitter, by looking at part of the Ventspils Mayor Aivars Lembergs transferred to the criminal court file, can characterize the political parties and the government's role in Latvia. Suspicion that the government and parliamentary decisions are skaņoti elsewhere and are likely to be purchased, has been so far. Specific times when Parliament votes hard to explain when, in spite of the public, the professionals' arguments, the ruling coalition a majority of operating as a well-lubricated voting machine. Criminal cases (including A. Osbourne accused several very serious crimes in connection with kukuļņemšanu, money laundering, abuse of service, income nedeklarēšanu) materials covering a very wide range of time, stretching more than ten years of ancient history, and shows a well-organized system . At the same time, they appear to pose the question: whether the system is now destroyed or still continue to exist? Does political power purchase, which shows the file vainagosies with the criminal procedures against those who are "black and Cash" received money, or so-called Lemberga scholars, it is hard to judge. General Prosecutor's press office shut up. In turn, the majority of former and current to power a growing batch of the abbreviations are likely to decipher fellowship lists, timing and refusal, that would have received secret payments from cash sources affiliated with A. Lembergs. In studying the criminal case materials, which arrived at the disposal of the day, it is inferred that the fellowship is not only a conversation with the media already izskanējušajiem recordings of 2001., 2002, but is also the time until 2006. 400 000 USD and Kreituss Fellow lists are not the only ones to show a hidden potential A. Lemberga charges by politicians and parties. They actually came only after November 2000, Ventspils business elite founded A. Lemberga led Business Development Association (BAA) was established in the so-called fund of 5%, and recorded its cash flow (responsible for it was by A. Lemberga " cashiers "called businessman Laimonis Junkers, who disappeared from Latvia after the end of 2006 came to hold a conversation Prosecutions). This does not mean that before 2000, lots of hidden payments were made. They simply were not arranged in Excel tables. Criminal materials shows - parties and their leaders have already paid the money was from the beginning of the nineties. Case is a document indicating that a special relationship with A. Lembergs had Aivars Kreituss the first of Mr. Slices government was finance minister and represented the Democratic Party Saimnieks, while from September 2001 until April 2005, founded in 1997 as its own work Party (DP) chairman had vicemērs Rigas and Development Committee chairman. It appears that in 1996 12.jūnijā Being Finance Minister, Mr A. Lemberga Kreituss the auspices of the two with the Ventspils business-related firms were on two major loans, each of 218 000 USD. One employer was with A. Lemberga effects associated Potassium park owner geit BV, while the other - the company co-owner Ventamonjaks, also with A. Lemberga effects associated VentC. A. Kreituss evidence the prosecutor's office show that the borrowing of money, he spoke with A. Lembergs, who also helped him. Loans were down in Riga commercial banks for the purchase of shares. Loans are being returned, the documents and are just about returning money to the VentC. A. Kreituss putrojas in their testimonies before the Public Prosecutor's Office did not provide him a loan contract, he did not do that the money would be received. Later, read the same contracts signed by A. Kreituss to mind that the loans were. The prosecutor's office, he has been unable to explain, from his account in March and April 1997 entered around 83 000 USD. In 1996 and 1997, the transactions are not reflected in that time Mr Kreituss income declarations. "Nedomāju which could be considered as corruption, because I have only borrowed the money and returns. Osbourne was able to offer me this opportunity. This, in my opinion, it is normal that there is not nothing in the law has not banned me borrow the money, "Day said on Thursday Mr Kreituss. Asked whether the DP chairman in early 2001, before the local elections from the A. Lembergs-related sources of the money received, which leads to judge record BAA Protocol, "DP - 15 000 USD", A. Kreituss replied: "I do not know, I have not seen anything like . Maybe that DP is the Democratic Party. So much time passed, I can not remember everything. Around Lembergu already changed all parties. " Understanding and LZS Criminal proceedings are also a sena, 1995, closed on June 6 agreement between the then Latvian Farmers' Union (LZS) priekšsēža deputy John Kinna (currently Director General of the National Forest Service) and powerful, yet at the time, with A. Lembergs SWH-related companies. The company undertakes to pay LZS 100 000 USD, while the LZS, where "the elections will be free to determine the composition of the government or the coalition government ministers to identify items, consult the SWH of four posts (Forestry Ministers, State Property Fund, the Director-General, Customs Commissioner and the State Revenue Head of Service). The agreement is confidential. Document LZS The right side has two signatures: one J. Kinnas, one who has not stood, very similar to the People's Party (TP) vecbiedra Gundara Berzina (1995 LZS member of the board) the signature. Cash in hand were not included in the lot, the documents show that it paid to clear. Mr Kinna prosecutor's office acknowledged that the SWH received lots election campaign and spent U.S. $ 10 000. Two SWH Treasury issued a warrant for both shows that Mr Kinna 50 issued U.S. $ 000, but the order of 40 000 USD J. Kinna not recognized as the same sign. At that time, lots of legislative gains were accounted for under the law "On Accounting" and submitted to Revenue and the Ministry of Justice. Clearly though there was no established that party may not accept donations of cash, but that does not mean that these charges could not be. Thursday Dienai J. Kinna acknowledged that the money was spent on the needs of the lot. "Prosecutor's Office had no doubt that the money I would have piesavinājies even one cent," said Mr Kinna and stressed that "neither of Lemberga, not from the people directly related to their cash was received." The cash to pay the bills at the time, had a normal practice. Fellow Lemberga list entries hp and LZS, J. Kinna made no comment, stressing that from a lot left in 1996. Asked the prosecutor's office to clarify who owns a second signature on the agreement, Mr Kinna replied: "I do not know. I can mention. (...) Today nekomentēšu. "With Bērziņu G. Day, failed to communicate, he did not respond to phone calls. TP and Shipping Although the ruling TP leader Aigars Kalvītis the press so far flexibly with satisfaction that the TA is not connected with the fellowship list of criminal cases not exclude the likelihood of materials, as well as the Orange was the benefit of the A. Lembergs related sources of money. In particular, the case is found in the documents, which shows the Latvian Shipping (CoC) (VN bought a controlling stake of the company's price, which was compared with the value of sandwiches) bīdītājiem actual process of privatization. They therefore conclude that LK privatization scheme was agreed and developed a two-stakeholder groups - citizens of Riga and Ventspils - interest. Apparently, that group is made up of Ventspils A. Osbourne, and he was at the time still friendly businesses, while the citizens of Riga, as we understand it, is A.S. & Co. group, whose core is likely to represent the TA father, ekspremjers Andris Šķēle and Itera Latvia chief Juris Savickis. Several people, evidence shows that before the government gave a start LK privatization, Riga held a variety of discussions between the two groups, which was attended by lawyers. For its discussion of individual members of records shows that three of then (2002) governing parties - the TA, Latvia's Way, TB / LNNK - for making the necessary process of privatization izkārtošanu (CoC privatization decision by the then Minister of Economy A. Kalvitis' initiative adopted by Andris Berzins (LC ) government) was intended to thank generous. There are separate, as we understand it, the group of people at the Ventspils LK privatization carried out by this process, providing a cost-related records, which is opposite the initials TB visible figures 1 000 000 USD and 500 USD 000, towards Taut.P number 1 000 000 USD, while opposite number LC 250 000 USD. Records are also other fields, such as the Exchange (125 U.S. $ 000) fine Unibanka (700 000 USD). Are these documents represents a real LK privatization expense? A. Schiffer taujāts day earlier on a particular person's interest LK implement privatization, it categorically denied, stressing - "everything was there legally, there is not where the haze." A. Berzins Day said that for the first time and he has not heard any information that the LC for LK privatization would be something received from Mr Lemberga. Former tēvzemiešu Chairman Janis Straume (from December 2002 until it was Maris Grīnblats) said that "I do not know nothing. I myself was summoned to the Prosecutor's Office, but nothing in that there was not. " Taujāts, or admit that, tēvzemieši might have received such payments, he said: "Nothing unacceptable, I was not present there." Mr. Grīnblats did not respond to calls. A version that LK privatization took place in A. Lemberga and interest A.Šķēles been earlier. But until now they had no proof. Days are held by fax a copy of the CoC auction day Mr Osbourne sends possibly A.Šķēlem, leading it to conclude that this version, however, could be a realistic basis. The daily sent a message with a question about this fax, A.Šķēle failed. The prosecutor's office investigation is continuing. Baiba Rull, especially Day, taken from www.diena.lv |
| Aug 08 | Archive for the 'Corruption' CategoryCorruption networks realized "state-taking"Anti-corruption network of the "state-taking" Systematic high-level political corruption can create a hidden political regime which does not meet the constitutional purpose of state institutions. World Bank researchers have created the term "country-taking" in order to define public officials taking up the illegal acquisition of private good, through informal, non-transparent and highly privileged channels of access. It may also appear blurred boundaries between public officials in the political and business interests, particularly in a large number of countries in transition. In all its forms would tend to weaken the government seizure or even replace the legitimate and transparent channels of political influence and interests of interdependence, reducing the competing interest groups and access to public amatpersonām.26 "Mednieki 'may be a private firm, narrow interest groups or even political leaders. In addition, "may mark a distinction between types of institutions swoop - the legislative bodies, executive bodies, judicial authorities or public service regulētājas authorities" .27 Other differences exist in the methods used and the bodies identified, the active or the inertia of corruption levels. The institutions taking over the de facto Extreme case in point is the government seizure of public institutions, the de facto takeover of business interest or criminal activities. In such cases of corruption or criminal networks executive body penetration in key locations. Since it is heavily involved in gangs, and much is at stake, this form of corruption is particularly difficult to prove and fight it. One example of the takeover of institutions linked to the anti-drug agencies in Central Asia. In turn, an international study of Georgia indicates that "corruption is the most affected by the institutions that most directly responsible for combating corruption - the police, customs and justice." Allegations about 28 bodies seizure is also expressed in relation to the activities of ministries, which deal with the financial and economic issues on which business leaders have a strong interest. Creating a network of secret Political anti-competitive collusion networking is corrupting conduct which seriously undermines the development of democracy. Just as the market environment may not function properly, if dominated by monopolies or cartels, democracy can not function if the government secretly blocks sagrābj political markets. Political competition in elections and decision-making is a characteristic feature of democracy and an important way to give power to those candidates and the programs that best represent the citizens as a whole meaning of public benefit. Postkomunistiskajās countries, political competition is often undermined by a complete power networks. Many argue that the former members' networks and more recently the privilege guvusī the business class exploitation and corruption has made use of such networks. Interestingly, some authors also see the post networking constructive side, as it mobilizes social kapitālu.29 Thus, in each case to look at the extent to which political networks working in the public good or for their own benefit, to what extent they respect the law and other provisions of the existing political system . Many networks have been caused by the post nomenclature - Communist-era Communist Party professionals network, which controlled the appointment of the best positions. Crucial is a lot monopoly power with respect to the legacy of elite selection, and is also a key post of the elite nature of the legacy systems. As Kens Džovits (Ken Jowitt), the Soviet Union, progressive corruption turned communist officials about patrons who received fees from the units of complaisant and subjected their duties of office duties with the personal and group interests. These transformations shots hit more than a few officers and up to 1980. The overwhelmed partiju.30 Soviet regime was the final stage of the system, led by the exclusive, self-seekers and the "institutional status of corrupt elite", 31 by early forms together with other researchers also diagnosed Milovan Džilass (Milovan Djilas) and Michael Voslenskis (Michael Voslensky) .32 Countries differ in the post so that the extent to which the old elite has been in the regime change and continues to maintain the power to the new form. Russia's banking network is the most striking example of the elite of survival, because "a scale from one (party secretary of a local level) to ten (party secretary of Centrālkomitejā) of the banking elite obtains an average of eight points' .33 While it is likely that at least some of the elite players themselves survived the regime change , we need to ask to what extent, the old elites remain organized and operate in secret and deliberately displace competing elites, thus reducing the ability of citizens to choose their own representatives. In terms of the degree to which the nomenclature of the former elite retains its organized structure, they are the privileged status of the network, rather than a specific individual treatment. As pointed out by the Hungarian Justice Specialist Andrass those (Andras those), "some people privileged situation, corruption is corruption, structural shape, as distinguished from certain individuals in anti-corruption activities" .34 these also stresses that the post beginning benefited old nomenclature of the network, in the alternative community networks were weak or non-existent. Like all corrupt Exchange patronage networks, and this is the benefits and responsibilities network, which means that there exists a mutual interchange laws. Corruption elite networks tend plesties prospered, and save yourself. Their members have a strong motivation not to individuals nekorumpētus politics or the kooptēt anyone who enters the network. Even more - fear of pieķeršanas provide a strong additional motivation for both the network and its corrupt business pictures, so many political decisions are motivated by desire to protect their own network, either the officers or undercover mutually beneficial darījumu.35 Players who transferred to the elite network is faced with severe repayments. It is important to learn more about the internal workings of these networks, but such a study, by their nature, are very problematic, because it seems that is marketed specifically silence laws (such as the Italian Mafia omertà). Undermining Election Corrupt practices, such as the party of the black kasu 'illegal financing, which involves the power oligarhiem undermine free elections. The hegemon seeks to buy newspapers or radio and television stations, or pay for a hidden political advertising seemingly impartial media. This is especially problematic if the candidates paid to journalists on his image-making interviews, which served as a neutral reportage. Russia, the candidates have stood as a candidate in elections, simply in order to gain parliamentary immunity against the allegations, which are unlikely to strengthen demokrātiju.36 Legislative power abuse Bribery is often influenced by national and subregional institutions, elected members, who have the right to choose candidates for positions of public officials. The World Bank data for researchers, the law often "buy" from business or the interests of criminal activists who illegally paid to the legislators for a particular bill making. This fact can be classified as an active legislator in corruption, but there is also a passive corruption and negligence of duty on the part of the Treaty. Many of the post of national parliaments and regulatory institutions has not met their obligation to adopt effective national laws and regulations on party funding, conflicts of interest, money laundering and offshore assets of public officials in the income statement, and even examining the prevention of corruption. Also, most of the post of national legislator to ignore the requirements to adopt the law on witness protection, boarding operations and related shares, which may be decisive in preventing corruption. Sometimes a promising new laws are deliberately delayed. This does not mean that there is no legislation to combat corruption. Often, the law is very much, but they are not the same as necessary. Ukraine between 1992. and 1999. year was adopted more than twenty-laws to combat corruption, and the seven government ministries and departments are instructed to introduce a life, but "nobody actually necīnās" .37 Once someone proposes a realistic antifavorītisma resort, those who benefit from the current system, mobilizing - is more promising because tool, the less likely that it will introduce ".38 However, legislators and government tries to pretend that fights corruption in order to mask their dark business. These claims that the regimes in the post intentionally used questionable laws and legal standards in order to give democratic legitimacy aura mahinācijām39 government, which is probably worse than doing nothing. It is also contributing to the ambiguous and contradictory legislation. Russia "different jurisdictional issue a lot of laws and decrees, which often overlap and conflict with each other" .40 Semi disorganization formed because of the transition process. But other law-type of abuse is a legal activity, which briefly becomes the legislator, to write complex rules, and then returning to private practice, where they receive high wages, as the only experienced, able to translate the same vague laws. Judicial System Corruption Corruption in the judicial system has many forms. Some overlap with the above categories, such as a favorable court decision in fact be realized. Partial or false accusation and investigation leads to a different, malicious and corrupt judicial system. Russian political observers claim that President Vladimir Putin during the Interior Ministry selectively raised accusations of corruption in his political opponents. After the 2000. In August the Moscow mayor Yuri Lužkovs expressed opposition to the new tax plan, proposed by Interior officials thirty criminal cases against city management amatpersonām41. In other studies, suggests that corporate executives to compete "often bribe prosecutors and judges, who earn an average of 0 per month, to begin unwarranted criminal investigation against him or to divest its competitors legitimate business owners, leading to involuntary bankruptcy" .42 Another politically pernicious aspect of corruption occur if justice is on its complicity. Too often, prosecutors refuse to open an investigation when there are clear signs of corruption, for example, for many big banks and financial scandals that had taken over the post of national regions. Once influential persons are involved, prosecutors typically starts an investigation only after loud public protest, and then conveniently fail to solve the case. Lack of evidence is often named as the main reason for dismissals, but is also mentioned in ridiculous arguments are likely to deliberately promote broad public cynicism towards justice sistēmu.43 Judicial bringing the corruption case is one kuriozs paradox. Naive observer might think that the fact that the claim is brought in only a few cases show a low level of corruption. In fact, most probably have exactly the opposite: the low number of cases taken up could indicate a very high level of corruption, which is often spread to justice. This is the time in the Russian case. What the author adds that "the court examined a relatively small number of corruption cases suggesting that the endemic corruption is a crime infested by the authorities." 44 But a large number of corruption cases to court are usually indicates that there is active fighting corruption, and corruption levels are relatively low whether it tends to decline. Commenting on the comparative data from Singapore and Hong Kong, one analyst added that the "particularly the high number of convicted persons, suggest that such data be expressed by more than the police and the judiciary over corruption" .45 Thus, it can be seen that the apparent corruption in the assessment to be analyzed very carefully. Monitoring nelietīga pursuit Audits, investigations and monitoring of abuse of power, to hide and foster corruption, rather than to combat it, has been associated with corruption in courts, but it may be of particular forms of corruption in the institutions to combat corruption. This problem is particularly difficult to study, but in this sphere been numerous accusations. What the former KGB's analytical department, argues that Russia's Federal Security Service has too corruption caurvīts to apkarotu.46 Apart from individual cases of negligence of all anti-package can be used to conceal corruption. Within its oversight obligation of the prosecutorial authorities, the parliamentary committee of inquiry into the ministry and the central bank supervisory authorities, tax auditing, tax administration and related institutions are generally corrupt and passive form of collusion. As already mentioned, the careful concealment of corruption is included in its definition, and indicate that the perpetrators are well aware that they violate the assigned duties of their office. Fear of detection is an incentive to other corrupt officials, especially those charged with the oversight responsibilities. Therefore, to prevent corruption, it is essential that the implementing powers and state institutions are ways to monitor one another. A public oversight and a requirement for accountability, it is important for democracy and the legal aspects of the country, but unfortunately they postkomunistiskajās the new democracies are among the least-developed party either inexperience, negligence, or due to collusion. Kompromats Corrupt officials often used their investigative and judicial power to intimidate citizens and political rivals. Such opportunities are determined based on the Soviet legacy systems. A common facility, each was forced to somehow violate the law in order to survive, but that people had to fear from politically motivated apsūdzības.47 Keits Dārdens (Keith Darden) has recently described the Ukrainian presidential office systematically used the threat of prosecution for maintaining political control. Apparently, the executives knowingly helped corruption to ensure political šantāžai compromising usable materials (kompromatu). By creating an atmosphere of impunity, the impression the country supervisory organs have documented the corruption of officials, and then provided for the people to obey by threatening to detecting and apsūdzību.48 This method was used in 1999. On the presidential election, the president would be elected in Uppsala. Kompromata as a tool for political pressure appears postkomunistiskajās in other countries and constitutes a "bleeder national institutional framework" .49 Variation of this theme is that the corruption network is maintained not only to the common interests of the participants, but also because many members of blackmail each other. Many influential politicians compromising material about other politicians. Such a systemic explanation helps to understand why many clearly illegal and corrupt activities with impunity will continue for years. One visible example is the real estate market in Russia, where the officially recorded property prices (which is taxed) is often only a small part of a true amounts paid. Since the real price is well known, local authorities, if they wished, could initiate the judicial work. But they rarely do so, encouraging the view of both the participation and institutionalized collusion and extortion model. The Corruption tends pašatražoties. Fear of the previous corrupt transaction creates a new corruption detection, using both blackmail and bribery to obstruct the investigation. Unless corruption spiral nepārraus izlēmīgā and, before staring at the institutional roots, it will continue to climb to the top. Media corruption Apart from the judiciary to the media is a crucial force for the anti-corruption efforts in promoting or inhibiting. Individual journalists and media are often atmaskojuši concrete cases of corruption, but has also happened that the media is the result of collusion is involved in a crime or fraud in other corrupt activities. Media, which are still state-owned, now runs a public oversight board, but their decisions on personnel and programs are seldom transparent. Many of the private media is controlled by the same business interests that have captured national institūcijas.51 News is sometimes distorted in favor of politicians and businessmen. Gadās arī, ka par politiskajiem vai ekonomiskajiem konkurentiem izplata netiešus mājienus un melīgas apsūdzības. Šādās reizēs žurnālistiem un redaktoriem mēdz maksāt tieši vai nodokļu atlaižu veidā. Financial Times ziņo, ka “pārdodami sižeti ir lielākajā daļā Krievijas mediju tikai ar ļoti nedaudziem godājamiem izņēmumiem. Sabiedrisko attiecību firmās Maskavā ir pieejami cenrāži, kuros norādīts, cik maksā dažādas publikācijas: viena summa par labvēlīgu sižetu, cita – par nelielu melno propagandu, un visaugstākā cena ir par garantētu informācijas noklusēšanu”.52 Noslēgums Desmit gadus pēc pārejas sākuma no komunistu ēras korupcija ir galvenais demokrātiskā un ekonomiskā progresa kavēklis postkomunistisko valstu reģionā. Pētījumos par korupciju postkomunistiskajās valstīs sākts noteikt korupcijas saknes un arī daudzsološas stratēģijas tās novēršanai, taču, lai to sekmīgi īstenotu, iztirzājamo objektu nepieciešams identificēt un iedalīt kategorijās. Tipoloģija to spēj paveikt. Tā dod būtisku ieguldījumu, lai izprastu postkomunistisko valstu korupcijas raksturu, kontekstus, un politiskās sekas. Šajā rakstā izklāstītā postkomunistisko sistēmu korumpēto politisko darbību tipoloģija vairāk pievēršas nevis korupcijas izplatībai, bet gan korumpēto darbību politiskajam raksturam. Uzsvars ir uz to, ka valsts varas ļaunprātīgai izmantošanai privātam labumam ir politiskas sekas, kas jākonstatē un jānovērtē. Analītiķi mēdz pievērsties ar korupciju saistītai privātā labuma gūšanai un detalizēti iztirzāt kukuļošanu un citus nelikumīgus iedzīvošanās veidus. Lai arī tas ir svarīgi, valsts varas ļaunprātīgai izmantošanai jāpievērš vairāk uzmanības. Valsts varas ļaunprātīga izmantošana nozīmē, ka amatpersonas, kas ir atbildīgas par sabiedriskā labuma nodrošināšanu, tā vietā pievēršas savam personiskajam labumam. Papildus tam, ka tiek nelikumīgi piesavināti reāli valsts īpašumi, piemēram, budžeta līdzekļi, tiek deformēts arī valsts institūciju galvenais mērķis. Par to sabiedrībai nākas maksāt ar to, ka tai ir slikta sabiedriskā drošība, pakalpojumi, līgumi un likumu izpilde, tiesiska uzraudzība un demokrātiska pārstāvniecība, Nav pārsteidzoši, ka sabiedrība reaģē ar dusmām, neuzticību un cinismu. Korupcijai ir trīs dimensijas, kas ietekmē politikas kvalitāti: korumpētās rīcības līdzekļi, tās institucionālie aspekti un tās sekas valsts iekārtā. “Līdzekļi” attiecas uz nelikumīgās apmaiņas līdzekļiem, kas saistīti ar kukuļošanu, iedzīvošanos, favorītismu un nepotismu, slepenu vienošanos tīklu izveidi, izspiešanu un šantāžu, kā arī ar citiem neleģitīmiem vai nelikumīgiem darījumiem. Šādu darbību izplatības līmenis valstī ietekmē politikas kvalitāti, taču ir nozīme arī to institucionālajam pamatam. Politiskais kaitējums ir mazāks, ja, piemēram, kukuļošana izpaužas, lielākoties, kā atsevišķas iedzīvotāju darbības, cenšoties iegūt sabiedriskos pakalpojumus vai apiet birokrātiju. Kukuļošana ir daudz bīstamāka, ja tā ir amatpersonu piekopta sistēmiska izspiešana un sekmē institucionālās patoloģijas, piemēram, apzinātu pārregulēšanu vai tieši pretēji - apzinātu pārraudzības vai likumdošanā noteikto pienākumu nepildīšanu. Līdzīgi arī iedzīvošanās no valsts īpašuma ir mazāk bīstama, ja tā rodas no indivīdu mantrausības, taču ir daudz bīstamāka, ja tas notiek slepenu tīklu sistemātiskas darbības dēļ. Tādā gadījumā korupcija ir institucionalizējusies un var ietekmēt politiskās sistēmas pamatus. Deformējot valsts institūciju jēgu, korupcija grauj labu pārvaldību un demokrātiju gan pilsoņu uzskatos, jo tie vairs neuzticas valsts un politiskajām institūcijām, gan arī tajā nozīmē, ka sabiedrība maksā sliktas valsts vadības cenu. Papildus sliktam sniegumam labas pārvaldības deformēšana sakropļo arī demokrātiskās procedūras un principus. No procedūru viedokļa korupcija pārkāpj likumus un noteikumus, kas balsta institūciju vai visu politisko režīmu. Tā ir arī krāpšana, viltošana un impulss korumpēt citus, lai vai nu palīdzētu slēpt, vai paplašinātu nelikumīgo darbību. Vēl svarīgāk ir tas, ka korupcija deformē principus, uz kuriem ir balstīti demokrātiskie režīmi, piemēram, likuma varu, brīvu un godīgu konkurenci vēlēšanās, kā arī pārstāvniecisku un atsaucīgu valdību. Ja korupcija kļūst tik izplatīta, ka tā nopietni deformē šos principus, tad jau ir mainījusies pati valsts sistēma, un esošā izskaidrošanai būtu jāmeklē jauns vārdu krājums. Atsauces |
| Aug 08 | Archive for the 'Korupcija' CategoryAmatpersonu iedzīvošanās Amatpersonu piekopta piesavināšanās Atsauces 17. Diena (2000. gada 30. maijs). Novēlojies laikraksta raksts, kurā iztirzāta valsts ierēdņu atalgojuma reformas nepieciešamība. Tiek citēts Finansu ministrijas pārstāvis, kas apgalvo, ka daudzas valsts institūcijas maksā ierēdņiem aptuveni par 200 procentiem vairāk nekā “oficiālā” alga, taču citas institūcijas nespēj tā darīt. Tiek minēts arī, ka dažu institūciju direktori saņem aptuveni 2000 latus mēnesī. Dienas bizness (2001. gada 21. jūlijs). Salīdzināšanai – valsts apmaksātie skolotāji, medmāsas un pārējais personāls parasti nopelna mazāk nekā 100 latus mēnesī. 18. John M. Kramer, “The Politics of Corruption,” Current History 97, no. 621 (October 1998): 331. lpp. 19. Netiek minēts, kas saņēmis samaksu par šo darījumu. New York Times (August 24, 2000): 6. lpp. 20. Rakstā Moscow News 1996. gada 11. jūlijā teikts, ka laikā starp 1992. un 1996. gadu Maskavas apgabalā aptuveni 300 ģenerāļi ir uzcēluši vasarnīcas, kas maksā no 0 000 līdz miljoniem katra, izmantojot piesavinātus materiālus un nodarbinot militāro personālu, kam apsolīts agrākas militārā dienesta termiņa beigas. Citēts Kramer, “Politics of Corruption,” 331. lpp. 21. Aviezer Tucker, “Networking,” East European Constitutional Review 9, nos. 1/2 (winter/spring 2000): 110. lpp. 22. World Bank, Anticorruption in Transition, 32. lpp. 23. World Bank Warsaw Office, Corruption in Poland (October 11, 1999), 16. lpp. 24. Daniel Kaufman, Sanjay Pradhan, and Randi Ryterman, “New Frontiers in Diagnosing and Combating Corruption,” World Bank PREMnotes 7 (October 1998): 2. lpp. 25. Aviezer Tucker min komunistu mācībspēku nomenklatūras korupciju valsts universitātē (“Introduction: Higher Education on Trial,” East European Constitutional Review 9, no. 3 (summer 2000): 88–89. lpp.). |
| Aug 08 | Archive for the 'Korupcija' CategoryZema līmeņa korupcija Kukuļošana, lai apietu likumu Atsauces |



